Swift 2.0: Understanding flatMap

Posted on July 26th, 2015

Last week I wrote a blog post about a problem I was trying to solve – trying to create an array of non-optional sequenced images.

While trying to come up with the best solution, it did pop into my head to consider flatMap, but to be honest, I didn’t know much about flatMap or how to use it. A co-worker sent me a solution using double flatMap, and it didn’t look very readable or appealing.

After a great discussion in the comments and on Twitter, I learned that the solution was in fact a very simple use of flatMap:

let minionImagesFlattened = (1...7).flatMap { UIImage(named: "minionIcon-\($0)") }

1	let minionImagesFlattened = (1...7).flatMap { UIImage(named: "minionIcon-\($0)") }

So my goal here is to summarize the great discussion about flatMap into how I now understand it. Keep in mind that I’m learning here, so I’m definitely not the expert on it!

The Simple Use-Case

My understanding of flatMap was very basic. Here is how I initially thought of it:

let nestedArray = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6]]

let flattenedArray = nestedArray.flatMap { $0 }
flattenedArray // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

let nestedArray = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6]]

let flattenedArray = nestedArray.flatMap { $0 }

flattenedArray // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

Transforming Elements aka 😡

As I was writing the example above, I wanted to do something very simple – multiply each element by 2, just like I would with map. Instead I got this:

flatMap transform

No matter what I tried to do in the flatMap block, it didn’t work 😢. So I googled around, and thankfully came across a blog post I’ve seen before but should have read a lot more carefully: What do map() and flatMap() really do? by @sketchyTech. Go ahead and read it. So much useful stuff there about flatMap!

The part I’m going to point out as the biggest (and now very obvious) takeaway, is that the $0 inside of the flatMap refers to one of the arrays inside the array of arrays! Duh! So if you want to multiply the elements inside the array, you have to go one level deeper and use map:

let nestedArray = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6]]

let multipliedFlattenedArray = nestedArray.flatMap { $0.map { $0 * 2 } }
multipliedFlattenedArray // [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12]

let nestedArray = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6]]

let multipliedFlattenedArray = nestedArray.flatMap { $0.map { $0 * 2 } }

multipliedFlattenedArray // [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12]

Here is the fully written-out version with names instead of the shortcut $0 in case that makes it easier to understand:

let nestedArray = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6]]

let multipliedFlattenedArray = nestedArray.flatMap { array in
    array.map { element in
        element * 2 }
}
multipliedFlattenedArray // [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12]

let nestedArray = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6]]

let multipliedFlattenedArray = nestedArray.flatMap { array in

array.map { element in

element * 2 }

}

multipliedFlattenedArray // [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12]

flatMap + Optionals 😕

Since I was thinking of flatMap as dealing with nested arrays, I had a very hard time making the mental leap to understanding how it was used in my original problem:

let minionImagesFlattened = (1...7).flatMap { UIImage(named: "minionIcon-\($0)") }

1	let minionImagesFlattened = (1...7).flatMap { UIImage(named: "minionIcon-\($0)") }

But apparently, flatMap has magic powers when it comes to optionals:

@NatashaTheRobot the new flatMap is basically “map, but strip out nil values”. IOW, it returns [T], not [T?].

— Dave DeLong (@davedelong) July 25, 2015

Sure enough, when I looked at the function definition for flatMap, I found this:

extension SequenceType {

    /// Return an `Array` containing concatenated results of mapping `transform`
    /// over `self`.
    func flatMap<S : SequenceType>(@noescape transform: (Self.Generator.Element) -> S) -> [S.Generator.Element]
}

extension SequenceType {

    /// Return an `Array` containing the non-nil results of mapping `transform`
    /// over `self`.
    func flatMap<T>(@noescape transform: (Self.Generator.Element) -> T?) -> [T]
}

extension SequenceType {

/// Return an `Array` containing concatenated results of mapping `transform`

/// over `self`.

func flatMap<S : SequenceType>(@noescape transform: (Self.Generator.Element) -> S) -> [S.Generator.Element]

}

extension SequenceType {

/// Return an `Array` containing the non-nil results of mapping `transform`

/// over `self`.

func flatMap<T>(@noescape transform: (Self.Generator.Element) -> T?) -> [T]

}

In other words, flatMap is specifically overloaded to deal with Optionals. It will take an array of optionals and return an array of unwrapped optionals without any nils.

let optionalInts: [Int?] = [1, 2, nil, 4, nil, 5]

let ints = optionalInts.flatMap { $0 }
ints // [1, 2, 4, 5] - this is an [Int]

let optionalInts: [Int?] = [1, 2, nil, 4, nil, 5]

let ints = optionalInts.flatMap { $0 }

ints // [1, 2, 4, 5] - this is an [Int]

Very nice and convenient! But how does this relate to the example above of flattening nested arrays? Whey was flatMap overloaded to do this? The best explanation I’ve seen comes from this comment from Lars-Jørgen Kristiansen:

optionals flatmap

The idea of thinking of flatMap as dealing with containers vs just arrays makes things a lot clearer!

I’m sure I’m only covering the tip of the iceberg here when it comes to flatMap, but I feel like I at least have a starting point to work with here. Happy Swift 2.0!

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Lukas

Recommended reading: http://www.mokacoding.com/blog/functor-applicative-monads-in-pictures/
brzhang

thanks
Sherief Gharraph

thanks Natasha:) I did not believe when I was searching for flatmap, and your name came first on google:):) great article and very helpful.
Konstantin

Cool, Your post is on the top google searching =) cool
abdoelrhman mohammed

Great article and to the point, top results indeed!
David

I’d say it’s clearer to read:

nestedArray.flatMap { $0 } .map { $0 * 2 }

instead of:

nestedArray.flatMap { $0.map { $0 * 2 } }

though. Anyway, good read.
Bioche

As a side note, I’ve just discovered that flatMap (& map) also exists on optionals ^^